写英文作文时，你是不是经常这样：
“A decision which was made by the government…” “A report which was published last week…” “A company which is based in Shanghai…”
每个名词后面都跟着一个完整的 which/that + be 从句？这不是错误，但会让你的文章像穿了厚棉袄——臃肿、不自然。
母语者怎么写？他们几乎永远避免这种”完整定语从句”。
今天我们从一篇FT报道——意大利总理德拉吉（Mario Draghi）放弃年薪的故事——学习定语从句简化的3个核心技法。
FT原文
A declaration of Draghi’s earnings, taxes and assets, published by the Italian government, stated that he would not receive “any remuneration of any kind” during his time in office.
Draghi, a former president of the European Central Bank, was sworn in to lead a national unity government earlier this year after Italy’s previous coalition collapsed during the Covid-19 pandemic.
His most recent income tax return, published on Wednesday as part of the government’s transparency policies, revealed he earned €583,665 in 2019. His assets include 10 properties, nine of which are in Italy and one in London.
Previous Italian prime ministers who did not receive a salary did so because they were also lawmakers, unlike Draghi, which blocked them from being paid for both roles.
意大利政府发表的有关德拉吉收入、税收和资产的公告表明，他在任期间不会收到”任何形式的报酬”。
身为欧洲央行前行长的德拉吉，是在今年早些时候宣誓就职、领导一个大联合政府的。他的最新税单显示他在2019年的收入为58.3665万欧元。他的资产包括10处房产，其中9处在意大利，一处在伦敦。
之前一些意大利总理不拿工资是因为他们同时也是立法者——他们不能从两个职务都获得报酬。
这短短几个句子里，藏着4种不同的定语从句处理方式。我们来逐一拆解。
技法一：过去分词简化（最高频，先掌握这一个就够了）
FT原文：
A declaration of Draghi’s earnings, taxes and assets, published by the Italian government, stated…
学生的写法：
A declaration of Draghi’s earnings, taxes and assets, which was published by the Italian government, stated…
为什么好： 中文学生在写”被……”的修饰时，几乎100%会用 which/that + was/were + 过去分词。母语者则直接去掉 which + be，只剩过去分词。这个简化覆盖了定语从句过度使用的大约 40% 的情况。
考场对比：
| 学生写法 | 升级写法 |
|---|---|
| The policy which was introduced last year… | The policy introduced last year… |
| A survey that was conducted by the school… | A survey conducted by the school… |
| The company which was founded in 2018… | The company founded in 2018… |
模板：
[名词] + [过去分词短语] + [谓语动词]
例句：
- The rules introduced by the government took effect immediately.
- A study published in 2025 found that students who read extensively write better.
- The measures announced last week aim to reduce traffic congestion.
技法二：形容词短语简化（“which + be + 形容词”→直接删）
FT原文：
The Five Star Movement, now part of the Draghi unity coalition, became Italy’s largest party.
学生的写法：
The Five Star Movement, which is now part of the Draghi unity coalition, became Italy’s largest party.
为什么好： 当定语从句是 which/that + be + 形容词/名词短语 时，直接去掉 which + be，保留后面的形容词或名词短语。这个技巧让句子更紧凑，但很多学生不知道”which is”可以删。
考场对比：
| 学生写法 | 升级写法 |
|---|---|
| Beijing, which is the capital of China, has… | Beijing, the capital of China, has… |
| The new library, which is open 24 hours, attracts… | The new library, open 24 hours, attracts… |
| The app, which is popular among teenagers, was… | The app, popular among teenagers, was… |
模板：
[名词], + [形容词/名词短语], + [谓语动词]
例句：
- The new policy, effective from next month, requires all students to submit essays online.
- E-books, widely used during the pandemic, have changed how we read.
- The competition, open to all high school students, attracted thousands of entries.
技法三：逗号后”which”从句（“which”指代前文整件事）
FT原文：
Previous Italian prime ministers who did not receive a salary did so because they were also lawmakers, unlike Draghi, which blocked them from being paid for both roles.
为什么好： 这里的 which 指的不是前面的某个名词，而是前面整件事——“之前的总理和德拉吉不同”这件事。这种 which 从句以逗号开头，是对前文整句话的评论或解释。学生几乎从不用这个结构，但它在议论文中非常有用——它让你能对一个论点做出追加评论。
考场对比：
| 学生写法 | 升级写法 |
|---|---|
| Many students spend hours on phones. This reduces their sleep time. | Many students spend hours on phones, which reduces their sleep time. |
| Some people argue that exams cause stress. This is a valid concern. | Some people argue that exams cause stress, which is a valid concern. |
模板：
[主句], which + [单数动词] + [对前文的评论]
注意： which 在这里指代整件事，所以后面的动词用单数（which is / which has / which means）。
例句：
- Many students choose to study abroad, which often leads to greater independence.
- The government decided to increase education funding, which was welcomed by parents.
- Some people prefer working from home, which allows them more flexibility.
三种技法对比速查
| 技法 | 适用场景 | 删除/替换的内容 | 难度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过去分词简化 | which/that + be + 过去分词 | 删除”which/that + be” | ⭐ |
| 形容词短语简化 | which/that + be + 名词/形容词 | 删除”which/that + be” | ⭐⭐ |
| 逗号which指代整句 | 对前文整句话做评论 | 用”which”代替”This/It” | ⭐⭐⭐ |
写作建议
下次写完文章后，做三遍检查：
- 查”which was/were”： 找到所有 which/that + be + 过去分词，试试能不能直接删掉 which/that + be。
- 查”which is”： 找到所有 , which is + 形容词/名词，试试能不能删掉 which is。
- 查”This”开头的新句子： 找到你用了”This + 动词”来评论前文的地方，试试换成 , which + 动词 合并成一个句子。
关键原则： 不是所有定语从句都要简化。短从句（比如”the boy who sits next to me”）保持原样就好。简化的是那些嵌套在名词后的长从句，尤其是 which/that + be 开头的。
先练第一个技法——过去分词简化——它覆盖了最常见的40%情况。写到形成肌肉记忆后，再加后面两个。
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