外交报道是英语写作的句型宝库。不是因为它内容有多高大上，而是因为外交官的每一句话都要滴水不漏——用最少的词，表达最精确的因果关系、法律依据和立场态度。
今天我们从一篇FT关于欧洲三国驱逐俄罗斯外交官的报道中，提取4个可以直接移植到考场作文中的高能句型。每个句型都有清晰的结构公式，你换个话题就能用。
厦门灯塔 · 专业英语作文逐句批改 | 微信 linstudio799
句型一：in retaliation for —— 用介词短语代替整句因果
FT原文：
Germany, Poland and Sweden said they would each expel one Russian diplomat in retaliation for Russia’s expulsion of three European diplomats last week.
中文对照：
德国、波兰和瑞典表示将各自驱逐一名俄罗斯外交官，以报复俄罗斯上周驱逐三名欧洲外交官。
为什么好？
中国学生写”因为A发生了，所以B做了C”，几乎一定写成 Because A happened, B did C. 这没错，但太啰嗦。
in retaliation for + 名词短语 用一个介词短语就把整个因果关系压缩进了一个句子碎片里。主句仍然是完整的动作叙述，因果关系只是句子的一个附加成分——这才是英语母语者的思维：因果关系是修饰，动作是主干。
学生写法 vs 升级写法
| 学生写法（because从句） | 升级写法（in retaliation for） |
|---|---|
| Because some countries criticized its policy, the company stopped cooperating. | The company stopped cooperating in retaliation for criticism of its policy. |
| Because another airline lowered prices, they reduced their ticket prices too. | They reduced ticket prices in retaliation for a rival’s price cut. |
模板
[Subject] [action] in retaliation for [triggering event / noun phrase]例句
- The school introduced a stricter phone ban in retaliation for rising classroom distractions.
- The government raised import tariffs in retaliation for the neighbour’s trade restrictions.
句型二：as set out in / on the basis of —— 引经据典的万能公式
FT原文（两个例子）：
The German diplomat concerned was simply carrying out his duties as set out in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations to inform himself by lawful means about local developments.
Polish diplomats will continue to carry out their duties in the Russian Federation, which they are entitled to fulfil on the basis of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
中文对照：
相关德国外交人员只是在履行《维也纳外交关系公约》所规定的职责，通过合法手段了解当地的事态发展。
波兰外交官将继续在俄罗斯联邦履行职责，这是他们依据《维也纳外交关系公约》有权履行的职责。
为什么好？
中国学生要引用规则、法律、政策时，通常只会写 according to the rules 或 following the rules。但英文中更正式、更精确的表达方式有两种：
- as set out in —— 强调规则里”明确列出/写明的”内容
- on the basis of —— 强调规则是某个行为的”法律/制度基础”
前者用于直接引用条款，后者用于论证权利来源。两个一起用，你的论证就有了法律般的严密感。
学生写法 vs 升级写法
| 学生写法 | 升级写法 |
|---|---|
| According to the school rules, students must wear uniforms. | Students must wear uniforms as set out in the school regulations. |
| Following government policy, we should protect the environment. | We are obliged to protect the environment on the basis of government policy. |
| The teacher said we have to finish homework. | Students are required to complete assignments as set out in the syllabus. |
模板
[Subject] [V-ed / is required to] [object] as set out in / on the basis of [rule/document]例句
- Citizens have the right to free education as set out in the constitution.
- The company defended its data collection practices on the basis of the user agreement.
- All participants must follow safety protocols as set out in the competition guidelines.
句型三：provoke [reaction] over [reasons] —— 因果+情绪的压缩表达
FT原文：
Last Friday, Borrell’s Moscow visit provoked widespread dismay among EU diplomats over both his perceived missteps and the Russian government’s combative approach.
中文对照：
上周五，欧盟外交官普遍对博雷利访俄之行感到失望，一方面是觉得博雷利此行失策，一方面是俄罗斯政府摆出对抗态度。
为什么好？
中国学生写”某事导致了某种情绪反应”时，最常见的写法是：
- Many people were unhappy because…
- This made people feel…
这两个写法的问题在于：情绪和原因分在了两个语法成分里（主句 + because从句）。而 provoke + 情绪名词 + over + 原因名词 把”什么事件→什么反应→什么原因”压缩在一个完整的句子框架里。
provoke 这个词本身就有”引发（强烈反应）“的含义，比 cause / make / lead to 都更有力度。
学生写法 vs 升级写法
| 学生写法 | 升级写法 |
|---|---|
| Many students were worried because the exam was so difficult. | The unusually difficult exam provoked widespread anxiety over students’ readiness. |
| The policy change made people angry. | The policy change provoked anger over its potential impact on low-income families. |
| People disagreed with the decision to cut funding. | The funding cut provoked disagreement over its fairness. |
模板
[Event] provoked [reaction noun] among [group] over [reasons]情绪名词库：dismay（失望）、anxiety（焦虑）、outrage（愤怒）、concern（担忧）、debate（争论）
例句
- The sudden closure of the library provoked outrage among students over the lack of notice.
- The new traffic policy provoked debate among citizens over its effectiveness.
句型四：give [sb] no choice but to —— 被迫决策公式
FT原文：
“Russia gave us no choice,” she told Swedish journalists.
中文对照：
“俄罗斯没有给我们选择的余地。“
为什么好？
中国学生写”不得不做某事”时，第一个想到的是 have to 或 must。但这两个词的问题是：它们只是陈述事实，没有把”被迫感”传达出来。
give sb no choice 这个句型的妙处在于：它清晰地指明了谁是施加压力的一方。可以说”政治课也迫使我努力学习”，但说”高考给了我别无选择”更符合英语思维——把压力归因于具体的外部力量，而不是说自己”只好如此”。
学生写法 vs 升级写法
| 学生写法 | 升级写法 |
|---|---|
| Many students have to study hard because of the exam. | The college entrance exam gives students no choice but to study intensively. |
| We must find a solution to this problem. | The worsening situation gives us no choice but to find an immediate solution. |
| I had to accept the job offer. | The financial pressure gave me no choice but to accept the job offer. |
模板
[Situation / external force] gives [sb] no choice but to [do something]注意：but to 后面的动词是 to do 不定式，不是原形动词。这是初学者最容易出错的地方。
例句
- The deadline gave the team no choice but to work through the weekend.
- Rising tuition costs give many families no choice but to take out student loans.
- The accident gave the driver no choice but to stop immediately.
写作建议
这4个句型的共同特点是：它们都把因果关系或外部压力压缩进了句子的修饰成分中，而不是用整句来表达。
考场写作中最常见的拉分问题不是”不会写复杂句”，而是每件事都用一整个句子来说——一件事情一个句子，最后文章又长又散。
练习方法：
- 每次写完一篇文章，找出所有 “because / so / therefore” 开头的因果句
- 问自己：这个因果关系能否用一个介词短语（in retaliation for / over / on the basis of）来表达？
- 把其中一个因果关系压缩，用一个句型替换掉整句
- 反复写3次，写到形成肌肉记忆
把这4个句型写在小卡片上，每天写的时候瞟一眼。用多了，它们就会变成你的自然语感，而不是刻意套用的模板。
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