“I was born in 2008.”
这句话你会写,但你知道”was born”是主动还是被动吗?——它是被动语态(be born)。
很多学生对被动语态的态度是”能避就避”,因为用起来不如主动那么顺手。但有些场景下,被动语态不仅是对的表达,而且是更好的表达。
📊 厦门灯塔威廉老师批改数据: 在我批改的300+篇作文中,约40%的学生存在被动语态使用问题。其中两类极端最常见:一类是”从不使用被动”(文章通篇主动,读起来生硬),另一类是”过度使用被动”(该主动的地方也用被动,句子臃肿)。
一、什么时候必须用被动?
场景1:动作的承受者比执行者更重要
学术写作和议论文中最常见。当你想强调”谁/什么被做了”而不是”谁做的”时,用被动。
- ✅ Active: The government built a new bridge. (强调”政府”做了什么)
- ✅ Passive: A new bridge was built last year. (强调”桥被建了”这个事实——谁建的?不重要,或者是默认的)
写作中的应用: 讨论社会类(环保、教育、科技)话题时,被动语态经常更合适。
The environment is being damaged by human activities… Students are encouraged to participate in… A solution must be found to address this issue…
场景2:不知道或没必要说执行者
- ✅ My bike was stolen yesterday.(不知道谁偷的)
- ✅ English is spoken all over the world.(全世界都说——不可能列出所有人)
- ✅ The meeting has been postponed.(谁推迟的不重要,关键是被推迟了)
二、什么时候不要用被动?
场景1:主动更简洁有力的时候
- ❌ The conclusion was reached by the team that…(8个词)
- ✅ The team concluded that…(4个词——更直接)
写作建议: 能用5个词说清楚的事,不要用8个词。
场景2:表达个人观点时
- ❌ It is believed by me that…
- ✅ I believe that…
在表达个人看法时,主动语态更直接、更有说服力。被动语态会给人一种”我在绕弯子”的感觉。
三、中高考写作中特别要注意的被动结构
常用的”学科被动”表达
| 表达 | 适用场景 |
|---|---|
| It is said that… | 引用普遍观点 |
| It is reported that… | 引用新闻报道 |
| It is believed that… | 引用共识 |
| It should be noted that… | 强调重点(高考高分句型) |
| It can be argued that… | 提出论点(雅思/高考) |
写作中最高频的被动结构
-
be + required to do(被要求做某事)
- Students are required to submit their homework on time.
-
be + allowed to do(被允许做某事)
- Children should be allowed to express themselves.
-
be + expected to do(被期望做某事)
- The government is expected to take action.
-
be + divided into(被分成)
- The article can be divided into three parts.
四、被动语态的时态变化速查
| 时态 | 被动结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + done | The room is cleaned daily. |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + done | The letter was sent yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | will be + done | The project will be completed soon. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been + done | The work has been finished. |
| 过去完成时 | had been + done | The report had been submitted before the deadline. |
| 情态动词 | modal + be + done | This must be done carefully. |
五、给学生的三条实用建议
1. 每篇作文用2-3处被动语态
不是越多越好,而是在合适的场景恰当地用。一篇300词的作文,2-3处被动语态是合理的分布。
2. 避免”双重被动”
❌ The project is being attempted to be completed. ✅ They are attempting to complete the project.
双重被动(一个句子有两个be+done)会让句子听起来别扭。遇到这种情况,考虑换成主动。
3. 雅思写作特别注意
雅思大作文(学术类)对被动语态的接受度很高,尤其是在讨论社会问题、科技影响时。但在Task 1中,描述图表变化时用被动会显得很自然:
- ✅ Sales were seen to increase sharply in 2023.
- ✅ A significant rise was observed in the second quarter.
被动语态不是”高级语法”,而是一种语用选择。该用的时候大胆用,不该用的时候不要强行用。把它当作工具箱里的一个工具,而不是一种”炫技”——这样你的英语写作才会更加自然、地道。
厦门灯塔 · 专业英语作文逐句批改 | 微信 linstudio799 专注中高考/雅思写作 · 累计批改300+篇 · 逐句精批 + 逻辑重构 + 母语级升级