“She likes reading, swimming, and to ride a bike.”
这句话读起来哪里不舒服？——reading和swimming是ing形式，to ride a bike是不定式，三种不同的结构并列在一起。
这就是平行结构（parallelism）的问题：几个并列的成分应当使用相同的形式。
📊 厦门灯塔威廉老师批改数据： 平行结构错误在我批改的作文中发生率约30%，集中在三个场景：并列动词形式不一致（占40%）、not only…but also前后不对齐（占35%）、以及并列名词与动名词混搭（占25%）。奇怪的是，这类错误更容易出现在”想写好”的学生中间——因为他们在尝试复杂结构时，忘了保持一致性。
一、什么是平行结构？
平行结构是指在一句话中，两个或两个以上并列的成分（词、短语、从句）使用相同的语法形式。
对比：
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❌ 不平行：I enjoy to travel, reading, and to cook.
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✅ 平行：I enjoy travelling, reading, and cooking.
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❌ 不平行：She is smart, beautiful, and has kindness.
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✅ 平行：She is smart, beautiful, and kind.
说白了就是”同样的事，用相同的写法”。
二、并列连词是最常见的触发点
以下连接词会触发平行结构：
| 连接词 | 不平行 | 平行 |
|---|---|---|
| and | He is tall and a kind person. | He is tall and kind. |
| or | You can study hard or to give up. | You can study hard or give up. |
| but | She is young but has experience. | She is young but experienced. |
三、三个”套餐结构”最容易出错
1. not only…but also…
规则： not only后面的结构和but also后面的结构必须完全一致。
-
❌ He not only plays basketball but also he is good at swimming.
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✅ He not only plays basketball but also swims well.
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❌ The trip not only was interesting but also an educational experience.
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✅ The trip was not only interesting but also educational.
2. either…or… / neither…nor…
- ✅ You can either pay now or pay later.（动词短语平行）
- ✅ He is neither a teacher nor a student.（名词平行）
- ✅ She speaks neither loudly nor quickly.（副词平行）
3. prefer…rather than… / would rather…than…
- ✅ I prefer staying at home rather than going out.（ing平行）
- ✅ I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.（不定式平行）
- ✅ I would rather stay at home than go out.（动词原形平行）
四、写作中常见的三种平行结构对照
对照1：动词时态不一致
| ❌ 不平行 | ✅ 平行 |
|---|---|
| He came in, sat down, and was opening his book. | He came in, sat down, and opened his book. |
| She likes cooking and to bake. | She likes cooking and baking. |
| The job requires organizing events and to write reports. | The job requires organizing events and writing reports. |
对照2：名词与动名词混搭
| ❌ 不平行 | ✅ 平行 |
|---|---|
| His hobbies are reading and golf. | His hobbies are reading and playing golf. |
| She is interested in art, music, and to travel. | She is interested in art, music, and travel. |
对照3：从句与短语混搭
| ❌ 不平行 | ✅ 平行 |
|---|---|
| I told him to work hard and that he should be patient. | I told him to work hard and to be patient. |
| He is a man of courage and who is determined. | He is a man of courage and determination. |
五、两个”平行陷阱”——容易忽视的情况
陷阱1：比较结构
在比较结构中，than前后的成分也需要平行。
-
❌ I enjoy playing basketball more than to watch TV.
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✅ I enjoy playing basketball more than watching TV.
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❌ Swimming is as fun as to run.
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✅ Swimming is as fun as running.
陷阱2：列清单时
写作中用冒号后跟列表时，列表中的每一项形式要一致。
- ❌ She has three goals: to get a job, saving money, and buy a car.
- ✅ She has three goals: to get a job, to save money, and to buy a car. （或全部用ing形式：getting a job, saving money, and buying a car）
六、写作自查清单
写完一个句子后，问自己三个问题：
-
并列成分的语法形式是否一致？ ——如果一个是ing，另一个也应该是ing；如果一个是to do，另一个也应该是to do。
-
not only…but also…两边对齐了吗？ ——not only后面接什么，but also后面就接什么。不要一边接句子一边接短语。
-
and/or/but前后的结构相同吗？ ——如果是两个形容词并列就和形容词并列，不要一个形容词一个名词。
七、升级范例
普通版（无平行结构）：
Reading books can improve your vocabulary, and you can also learn new knowledge and to think in English.
升级版（注意平行结构）：
Reading books can improve your vocabulary, expand your knowledge, and develop your English thinking skills.
一个简单的平行结构调整，就让句子从”东拼西凑”变成了”整齐有力”。阅卷老师看这样的句子，自然会认为你的写作功底不错。
厦门灯塔 · 专业英语作文逐句批改 | 微信 linstudio799 专注中高考/雅思写作 · 累计批改300+篇 · 逐句精批 + 逻辑重构 + 母语级升级